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ALCOHOL ABUSE
Alcohol abuse can be influenced by a number of factors. Most people use alcohol
socially to change how they feel because they want to feel better or different.
They use alcohol for the perceived benefits, or the benefits experienced, not
for the potential harm. People use alcohol to relax, have fun, to be part of
a group, out of curiosity, and to escape from physical and/or psychological
pain. Many of the reasons young people use alcohol are the same reasons adults
use alcohol.
What causes alcohol abuse? Many factors influence a person's initial alcohol
use. Personality characteristics, peer pressure, and psychological stress can
all contribute to the early stage of alcohol abuse. These factors are less important
as alcohol use continues and the person repeatedly experiences the potent pharmacological
effects.
This chemical action, which stimulates certain brain systems, produces the
abuse, while other psychological and social factors become less and less
important in influencing the individual's behavior. When the pharmacological
action of a drug dominates the individual's behavior and the normal psychological
and social control of behavior is no longer effective, the abuse is fully
developed. This chemically induced "loss of control" is a common feature
of alcohol abuse and reflects the biological nature of the problem. People
who are physically dependent on alcohol usually develop a tolerance. This means
that they need to drink more and more to get the same effect.
School and job performance may suffer either from the aftereffects of drinking
or from actual intoxication on the job or at school; child care or household
responsibilities may be neglected; and alcohol-related absences may occur from
school or job. The person may use alcohol in physically hazardous circumstances
(e.g., driving an automobile or operating machinery while drunk).
Legal difficulties may arise because of alcohol use (e.g., arrests for intoxicated
behavior or for driving under the influence). Finally, individuals with alcohol
abuse problems may continue to consume alcohol despite the knowledge that continued
consumption poses significant social or interpersonal problems for them (e.g.,
violent arguments with spouse while intoxicated, child abuse). When these problems
are accompanied by evidence of tolerance, withdrawal, or compulsive behavior
related to alcohol use, a diagnosis of alcohol addiction, rather than alcohol
abuse, should be considered.
- Alcoholics usually show symptoms of their abuse. Such symptoms include
but are not limited to:
- Evidence of withdrawal - when intake is interrupted. (The Shakes)
- Tolerance - to the effects of alcohol.
- Alcohol-associated illnesses - alcoholic liver disease, cerebellar degeneration.
- Continued drinking - despite strong medical and social contradictions,
and life disruptions.
- Impaired social and occupational functioning. (Unable to get along with
others, unable to hold a job.)
- Blackouts - unable to remember what happened while drinking, in whole
or part.
- Depression - A "down or sad mood" is common.